Fig. 6

Schematic diagram of the progressive and disturbance-driven succession process in the cool-temperate P. densiflora forest. Stacked bar graphs indicate the composition (the relative abundance) of succeeding tree species or succeeding groups. The four stacked bars from the left were drawn from the meta-analysis data 2 for this study. The fifth bar was drawn from a forest that had been restored for 20 years after a stand-replacing fire (East Coast fire occurred in 2000) from the prefire P. densiflora forests, Samcheok, Gangwon province (Choung et al. unpublished). The sixth bar was drawn from a forest that had been restored for 5 years after a stand-replacing fire (occurred in 1986) from prefire P. densiflora forest, Daegu-si (Cho and Kim 1991). “Canopy remaining disturbance” is less severe than “stand-replacing disturbance” and refers to the state in which canopy stratum remains even after disturbance. O, other broadleaved species except for Quercus species; OQ, other Quercus species except for three Quercus species (Qumo, Quva, and Quse); Pide, Pinus densiflora; Qumo, Quercus mongolica; Quse, Quercus serrata; Quva, Quercus variabilis