Fig. 2

Photosynthetic rate (a; μmolCO₂m⁻² s⁻¹), transpiration rate (b; mmolm⁻² s⁻¹), stomatal conductance (c; mmolH₂Om⁻² s⁻¹), and water use efficiency (d; μmolCO₂mmolH₂O⁻¹) were analyzed with Kruskal-Wallis test (n = 9; Dunn’s test, p > 0.05), and chlorophyll content (e; CCI) in the leaves of S. capitata was analyzed with one-way ANOVA (n = 9, Fisher’s least significant difference, p > 0.05). The bars are averages, and error bars show standard deviations of each group. Alphabets on the each bar indicate the significant differences among the groups in the plant factory