Table 2 Description of dependent and explanatory variables

INCM (income of household)

INCM was assigned a value of “1”, if a household head has goodincome for his/her livelihood and “0” if not.

X₁ = GEN (gender of a household head)

GEN was assigned a value of “1”, if a household head is male and “0” otherwise.

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X₂ = AGE (age of a household head)

AGE was given in years. Age is considered to be important since a person may increase his/her perception (e.g., knowledge of land degradation) as he/she gets older. A value of “1” was given if the age of the household head was > 30 years, and a value of “0” was given if the age of the household head was ≤ 30 years.

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X₃ = EDUCL (education Level of a household head)

EDUCL was measured using the attainment of grade levels by the respondent. Education helps to raise perception level about income diversification for livelihood. A value of “1” was given if the educational status of the household head was primary school (grades 1–8) completed and “0” uneducated

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X₄ = MRS (marital status of household head)

MRS was marital status of the household head. A value of “1” was given if a household head was legally married and “0” otherwise.

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X₅ = FMS (family size)

FMS measures the number of members of a family under one roof. A value of “1” was given if the family size is > 5 and “0” if the family size is ≤ 5

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X₆ = LHS (landholding size of household head)

LHS measures the landholding size of the household head. An average landholding size is expected to be 0.5 ha. A value of “1” was given if a household head owns > 0.5 ha and “0” if the household head owns ≤ 0.5 ha.

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