Table 1 Canopy closure and vegetation structure of wet meadow (WM), young forest (YF), and mature forest (MF) in abandoned rice paddies

Canopy closure (%)

–

73 ± 4

98 ± 2

 Quercus aliena

–

–

60 ± 27

 Q. serrata

–

–

60 ± 43

 Salix spp.

–

1280 ± 146

180 ± 38

 Alnus japonica

–

213 + 32

80 ± 36

 Acer tataricum

–

827 ± 65

360 ± 73

 Others

–

107 ± 19

2170 ± 703

 Total

–

3387 + 114

2760 ± 703

 Quercus aliena

–

–

6.2 ± 0.4

 Q. serrata

–

–

2.1 ± 1.9

 Salix spp.

–

8.0 ± 2.5

8.5 ± 2.9

 Alnus japonica

–

3.4 ± 1.6

2.2 ± 1.0

 Acer tataricum

–

7.4 ± 2.8

4.7 + 1.0

 Others

–

<  1.0

4.5 ± 1.7

 Total

–

18.8 + 3.1

22.6 + 2.6