Table 1 The environmental variables selected and description for each variable
|  | Environmental variables | Variable description | Mean ± SD |
|---|---|---|---|
Vegetation structure | Canopy density (%) | Average percentage of canopy density above 2 m within 50-m radius of plot point | 86.46 ± 16.34 |
Horizontal heterogeneity of canopy surface height | A measure of spatial autocorrelation of maximum vegetation height with local Geary’s c within 50-m radius | 1.62 ± 1.19 | |
Topography | Slope gradient (°) | Average slope gradient within 50-m radius of plot point | 31.05 ± 7.30 |
Human impact | Distance from a road (m) | Distance to the closest road from plot point | 258.79 ± 199.13 |